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Knowledge Center
An extensive collection of optical design, engineering resources, and application notes to support your work!
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Infrared Optics
Optical Filters
Optical Components
Crystals
Techniques
Germanium
Infrared Optics
Infrared Optical Material
Infrared Thermal Imaging
Applications of Germanium in Electronics and Optics
Disadvantages of Germanium Compared to Silicon
Germanium Chemical Symbol and Common Compounds
Germanium Dioxide (GeO2): Properties and Uses
Germanium LWIR Imaging: N-Type vs P-Type
Germanium Optical Coatings for Infrared Applications
Germanium vs Silicon: Which Material Is Better?
Germanium Window (N-Type) Technical Sheet
Germanium Windows
Germanium Windows | Properties, Uses & Fabrication
How to Choose the Right Germanium Crystal for IR Optics
Is Germanium a Metal or a Metalloid?
Is Germanium Radioactive?
Is Germanium Toxic? Safety and Health Risks
N-type Germanium
N-Type Germanium: Properties and Applications
Optical Germanium Infrared Dome
Optical Germanium Lens
Where Germanium Comes From
Why Germanium Is Expensive
DLC Coatings for Infrared & Optical Lenses
Infrared (IR) Domes for Thermal Imaging & Defense
Infrared Lenses for Thermal Imaging & CO₂ Lasers
Infrared Lenses for Thermal Imaging & Security Systems
Infrared Optical Filters for Thermal & IR Systems
Infrared Windows for Thermal Imaging & IR Systems
Molded Infrared Optics | Chalcogenide IR Lenses
Optical Lens Materials Guide for Precision Optics
Calcium Fluoride (CaF₂) Optical Windows & Crystals
Chalcogenide Glass Infrared Lenses & Optical Windows
Infrared Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) Optical Lenses & Windows
Infrared Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) Optical Windows & Domes
JGS1 JGS2 JGS3 vs UV Fused Silica Explained
JGS1 vs JGS2 vs JGS3 Optical Quartz Glass
Magnesium Fluoride (MgF₂) Optical Windows | VUV to IR
Optical Grade Silicon (Si) Wafers & Infrared Optics
Head Mounted Night Vision Binocular | Gen-3 Tactical NVG
Head Mounted Night Vision Goggles | Gen 2.5 & Gen 3 NVG
Head Mounted Night Vision Monocular | Gen 2.5 & Gen 3
Digital Infrared Rifle Scope | Day & Night Digital Gun Sight
Infrared Light & Infrared Telescope for Night Vision Scopes
Handheld Laser Rangefinder | Long-Range Tactical Distance Meter
Handheld Thermal Binocular | Multi-Sensor Infrared Telescope
Handheld Thermal Monocular | Infrared Night Vision Device
Bandpass Filters
Longpass/Shortpass/ND Filters
Specialty Filters
Other Filters
Biomedical Optical Filters for Analyzers & Microplate Readers
Broad Bandpass Filters | High Transmission Optical Filters
Double-Band Bandpass Filters | Dual Wavelength Optics
Dual-Narrow Band Astronomical Filters | Light Pollution
Fluorescence Filter Sets for PCR | Singapore Optics
Fluorescence Filters | Narrow Bandpass Optical Filters
Interference Bandpass Filters | UV–NIR Optical Filters
Laser Radar Filters for LiDAR | 850–1550 nm Bandpass
Laser Ranging Filters | LiDAR & Distance Measurement Optics
Machine Vision Bandpass Filters | High-Precision Imaging
Multi-Channel Optical Filters | Dual & Triple Band Filters
Narrow Bandpass Filters | High OD Precision Optical Filters
Circular Variable ND Filters | Adjustable Optical Attenuators
Linear Variable ND Filters | Precision Light Attenuation
Long Pass Filters | High Transmission Optical Cut-On Filters
Long Pass Optical Filters | High Transmission LP Filters
Neutral Density (ND) Filters | Flat Spectral Attenuation
Neutral Density (ND) Filters | Reflective & Absorptive ND Filters
Short Pass Optical Filters | High-Transmission SP Filters
Biochemical Analysis Filters | High-SNR Optical Filters
Energy Matching Biochemical Filters | High-Accuracy Optics
Flame Detector Filters | IR Fire Detection Optics
Fluorescence Microscope Filters | High-Sensitivity Imaging
Fluorescent PCR Filters for RT-qPCR & dPCR | High SNR
Infrared Temperature Measurement Filters | 780–1500 nm
Laser Marking Windows | High Transmission Optical Windows
Laser Radar Mirrors for LiDAR | High-Reflectivity Optics
Laser Radar Windows for LiDAR | High-Transmission Optics
Laser Welding & Cutting Filters | High-Power Quartz Windows
Tri-Stimulus Color Measurement Filters | XYZ Filters
Dichroic Filters | High Reflectivity & Precise Wavelength Split
Drone Optical Filters | UV to IR Filters for UAV Imaging
Flow Cytometry Optical Filters | High SNR & Custom Designs
Optical Notch Filters | Laser Line Rejection Filters
Sensor & Detector Filters | IR Gas Detection Optics
Solar-Blind UV Filters | UV Shortpass Optical Filters
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Filters | FLIM & TRF Optics
Beamsplitter
Optical Mirrors
Thermal Imaging Modules & Lenses
Laser Optics
Others
Beam Combiners | Laser Wavelength Combining Optics
Beamsplitter Plates | Precision Optical Plate Beamsplitters
Cube Beamsplitters | Precision Optical Cube Beamsplitter
Non-Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes | Low-PD NPBS Optics
Polarizing Beam Splitter Cubes | High Extinction PBS Cubes
Polarizing Beamsplitter Plates | High Extinction PBS
Waveplates (Retarders) | Precision Polarization Control
Dielectric HR Mirrors | High Reflection Laser Mirrors
Hot Mirror Optical Filter for IR Reflection & Heat Control
Laser Output Mirrors | CO₂ & Nd:YAG Output Couplers
Laser Scanning Mirrors | High Power Galvo Mirrors
Laser Total Reflectors | High Power Back & Folding Mirrors
Metallic Optical Mirrors | Aluminum Silver Gold Mirrors
Optical Cold Mirror | Visible Reflection & IR Transmission
Optical Concave Mirrors | High Precision Focusing Mirrors
Optical Convex Mirrors | UV VIS IR Reflective Mirrors
Optical Mirrors Guide: Metallic, Dielectric & Coatings
Cooled Infrared Module | High-Sensitivity MWIR Imaging
Cooled MWIR Lens | 3–5 µm Mid-Wave Infrared Optics
Uncooled Infrared Module | LWIR Thermal Imaging Module
Uncooled LWIR Lens | 8–14 µm Thermal Imaging Optics
405nm Laser Diode with PD | TO Package 20–35mW
808nm 5W Laser Diode | High Power CW TO-3 Package
Laser Cutting & Welding Lenses | High Power Laser Optics
Laser Line Filters | High OD & Narrow Bandwidth
Laser Protective Windows | High Power 1070nm & 10.6µm
APO Lens | Apochromatic Line Scan Lenses for Machine Vision
Cylindrical Lens | Precision Laser & Optical Cylindrical Lenses
F-Theta Lens for Laser Marking, Welding & Cleaning
Fused Silica Axicon Lens for Beam Shaping
Laser Beam Expander | High-Power Industrial Laser Optics
Motorized Filter Wheel | USB & RS-232 Optical Filter Wheel
Optical Prisms | Precision Prisms for Imaging & Optics
Plane-Concave Lens | BK7 & Fused Silica Optical Lenses
Precision Optical Lenses | Single & Achromatic Doublet Lenses
Visible Light Dome | Precision Optical Dome Window
Laser
Nonlinear
Optical
Scintillation
Nd:GdVO4 Laser Crystal | High-Efficiency DPSS Lasers
Nd:YAG Laser Crystal | 1064nm High-Power Solid-State Lasers
Nd:YLF Laser Crystal | Low Thermal Lensing DPSS Lasers
Nd:YVO4 Laser Crystal | High-Gain DPSS Laser Material
Ti:Sapphire Laser Crystal | Ultrafast Tunable Laser Material
BBO Crystals for UV SHG, OPO & High-Power Lasers
KDP & DKDP Nonlinear Crystals for SHG & EO Modulators
KTA Crystals for OPO & Mid-Infrared Laser Applications
KTP Crystals for SHG, Green Lasers & OPO Applications
LBO Lithium Triborate Crystals for SHG, THG & OPO
Lithium Niobate LiNbO₃ Crystals for EO & NLO Applications
Lithium Fluoride (LiF) Optical Crystal | UV to IR Windows
Magnesium Fluoride (MgF₂) Optical Windows | VUV to IR
Calcium Fluoride (CaF₂) Optical Windows & Crystals
Barium Fluoride (BaF₂) Optical & Scintillation Crystal
BGO Scintillation Crystal | Bismuth Germanate Detector
Ce:LaCl₃ Scintillation Crystal | Fast Gamma Detector
CeF₃ Scintillation Crystal | Fast Radiation Detector
Ce:LaBr₃ Scintillation Crystal | Ultra-Fast Gamma Detector
Lead Tungstate (PbWO₄) Scintillation Crystal
Tl:CsI Scintillation Crystal | Cesium Iodide Detector
NaI:Tl Scintillation Crystal | Sodium Iodide Detector
Eu:CaF₂ Scintillation Crystal | Europium Doped CaF₂
Barium Fluoride (BaF₂) Optical & Scintillation Crystal
Coatings
Illumination
Imaging
LiDAR
Opto
Physics Optics
DLC Coating Explained: Properties & Applications
DLC Coatings for Infrared & Optical Lenses
ITO Coated Window: Transparent Conductive Glass
ITO Coated Windows | Transparent Conductive Shielding
Optical Anti-Reflection Coatings in System Design
Optical Plastic Coatings for Acrylic & Polycarbonate
Asphere Surface Tolerancing: RMS and Spatial Frequency
BEF and DBEF Films: Modeling and Simulation Guide
Complex Light Source Modeling in Illumination Design
Create Optical Illumination Animations for Free
Design and Optimization of LED Flood Lights
Designing an Edge-Lit LCD Backlighting System
Fundamentals of Nonimaging Optics Design
Illumination System Performance Goals Explained
Introduction to Illumination System Design
Laser–Fiber Coupling Simulation with POP
Light Shaping Diffusers: Theory and Simulation
Modeling LEDs with Ray Files in Optical Design
Non-Sequential Optical Design and Its Advantages
Non-Sequential Tolerancing in Optical Systems
PAR vs BR vs MR Light Bulbs Explained
Parametric Design of a 7-Cell LED Lens Array
RSMX Source Modeling and Validation Guide
Sequential to Non-Sequential Lens Conversion
Sequential Tolerance Analysis for Laser Optics
Simulating Light Absorption in Optical Systems
Speed Up Illumination Ray Tracing with BEF
Stray Light Analysis in Optical Imaging Systems
Thermal Modeling & Athermalization in OpticStudio
Fast Semi-Diameters vs Clear Semi-Diameter Explained
Apodization in OpticStudio: Gaussian vs Uniform PSF
How to Design an Off-Axis Parabolic Mirror
Cone Half Angle vs AOI in Fluorescence Imaging
Protect Telescope Designs Using OpticStudio Black Box
Telephoto Lens Design Principles and Practical Tips
Microscope Objective Lens Design Principles and Tips
How to Set Up an MTF Optical Test Lab
Predict Optical Performance Using Image Simulation
Optimizing Image Contrast Using MTF at Target Frequency
How to Identify Ghost Images Using Stray Light Analysis
Designing Beam Expanders with Intermediate Image Optimization
Waveplate Design: Zero-Order Retarders Explained
Principles of Ophthalmic Lens Design Explained
Human Eye Models for Optical Design Explained
Optical Optimization Basics: Variables and Merit Function
Beginner Guide to Optical Lens Design in Zemax
Image-Space Telecentric Lens Design in OpticStudio
How to Identify the Best Aspheric Surfaces
Freeform Surface Types in OpticStudio (Sequential Mode)
Vignetting and Vignetting Factors in OpticStudio
Imaging System Resolution: Definition and Measurement
Flash LiDAR vs Scanning LiDAR Illumination Explained
How to Select LiDAR Sensor Technologies for ADAS
LiDAR Detection Modes: Direct and Coherent Explained
LiDAR Eye Safety: Wavelengths, MPE, and Risk Control
LiDAR Laser Safety Classes and Eye Safety Explained
LiDAR Major Components: Laser, Receiver, and Apertures
LiDAR vs Radar and EO Sensors: Spectrum and Advantages
Monostatic vs Bistatic LiDAR System Architectures
Range-Doppler LiDAR Imaging Beyond Diffraction Limits
Transmit Receive Isolation Techniques in LiDAR Systems
Types of LiDAR Technology and Their Applications Explained
PV vs RMS vs Slope Error in Optical Surfaces
Diamond Turning for Optical Surfaces: Process and Applications
Optical Dome Design: Materials, Geometry & Applications
Modeling Glass Thermal Expansion in Optical Mounts
How to Model Bio-Fluorescence in Optical Design
Analyzing Stray Light in Opto-Mechanical Imaging Systems
3D Biophotonic Modeling of PCR Dye Absorption
Key LCD Optical Characteristics for Display System Design
Stray Light Analysis in Astronomical Telescopes
Illumination System Design Cycle: From Concept to Manufacture
Optical System Aberrations: Spot Diagram, OPD Fan, Ray Fan
Create Polygon Optical Prism Objects in OpticStudio
How to Export Optical and Ray Data for Optomechanical Systems
ISO Optical Element Drawing Tool for Singlet Lenses in OpticStudio
Model Glass in OpticStudio: Usage, Theory & Limitations
Types of Lasers and Their Applications Explained
Analyzing Gaussian Beam Characteristics with POP in Optic
Analyzing Partially Coherent Imaging Systems in Optics
Analyzing Wavefront in Fiber Coupling Systems for Laser Optics
Beam Shaping Optics: Transform Gaussian to Top Hat Beam
Comprehensive Guide to Optical System Conventions & Definitions
Compute Gaussian Beam Characteristics with Paraxial Tool
Designing a He-Ne Laser Focusing System in OpticStudio
Designing a Rochon Polarizer
Designing Double-Pass Aplanatic Laser Systems in OpticStudio
Gaussian Quadrature Wavelength Sampling in Optics
How Laser Beam is Transmitted
How to Design Wollaston Prism
How to Interpret Sampling Used In Wavefront-based Analysis
How To Simulate Birefringent Effects
Key Parameters in Laser Optics Propagation
Laser Diode Collimation Simulation in OpticStudio
Modeling Fresnel Zone Plates for Optical Systems
Modeling Wavefronts with Physical Optics Propagation (POP)
Polarization Jones Matrix and How to Model Polarized Light
Simulating Interference Effects by Ray Tracing
Simulating Poisson Spot in Optical Wave Simulations
Testing Nonlinear Optics Double-Pass System Setup
Understanding Anamorphic Prism Pairs for Beam Shaping
Understanding Laser Beam Quality and Evaluation
