Knowledge Center

An extensive collection of optical design, engineering resources, and application notes to support your work!

application of Germanium

Applications of Germanium in Electronics and Optics

disadvantages of germanium

Disadvantages of Germanium Compared to Silicon

What is the formula of germanium

Germanium Chemical Symbol and Common Compounds

germanium dioxide formula

Germanium Dioxide (GeO2): Properties and Uses

n-Type Polycrystalline Germanium Window 8

Germanium LWIR Imaging: N-Type vs P-Type

Monocrystalline Germanium P Type 1

Germanium Optical Coatings for Infrared Applications

Germanium and silicon

Germanium vs Silicon: Which Material Is Better?

N type Germanium

Germanium Window (N-Type) Technical Sheet

Germanium windows

Germanium Windows

Germanium (Ge) Window

Germanium Windows | Properties, Uses & Fabrication

A complete guide how to select optical Germanium crystal

How to Choose the Right Germanium Crystal for IR Optics

Infrared (IR) Dome-ge

Is Germanium a Metal or a Metalloid?

germanium radioactive

Is Germanium Radioactive?

germanium toxic

Is Germanium Toxic? Safety and Health Risks

Optical Germanium

N-type Germanium

N type germanium

N-Type Germanium: Properties and Applications

Optical Germanium Infrared Dome

Optical germanium lens

Optical Germanium Lens

get germanium

Where Germanium Comes From

germanium expensive

Why Germanium Is Expensive

LENS COATED WITH dlc

DLC Coatings for Infrared & Optical Lenses

germanium dome

Infrared (IR) Domes for Thermal Imaging & Defense

Infrared Lens

Infrared Lenses for Thermal Imaging & CO₂ Lasers

Infrared Lens Module

Infrared Lenses for Thermal Imaging & Security Systems

Infrared Window Infrared Filters

Infrared Optical Filters for Thermal & IR Systems

Infrared Window Infrared Filters

Infrared Windows for Thermal Imaging & IR Systems

chalcogenide glass

Molded Infrared Optics | Chalcogenide IR Lenses

Optical Lenses Shape Optics

Optical Lens Materials Guide for Precision Optics

calcium fluoride CaF2

Calcium Fluoride (CaF₂) Optical Windows & Crystals

chalcogenide glass

Chalcogenide Glass Infrared Lenses & Optical Windows

Zinc Selenide-2

Infrared Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) Optical Lenses & Windows

Zinc Sulfide Multispectral Window

Infrared Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) Optical Windows & Domes

Optics Fused Silica

JGS1 JGS2 JGS3 vs UV Fused Silica Explained

optical quartz glass samples

JGS1 vs JGS2 vs JGS3 Optical Quartz Glass

Optical Crystal Magnesium Fluoride MgF2

Magnesium Fluoride (MgF₂) Optical Windows | VUV to IR

Flat Silicon

Optical Grade Silicon (Si) Wafers & Infrared Optics

Head Mounted Night Vision Binocular

Head Mounted Night Vision Binocular | Gen-3 Tactical NVG

Head Mounted Night Vision Goggles

Head Mounted Night Vision Goggles | Gen 2.5 & Gen 3 NVG

Head Mounted Night Vision Monocular

Head Mounted Night Vision Monocular | Gen 2.5 & Gen 3

Digital infrared Rifle Scope

Digital Infrared Rifle Scope | Day & Night Digital Gun Sight

Rifle Scopes Shape Optics

Infrared Light & Infrared Telescope for Night Vision Scopes

Handheld Laser Rangefinder

Handheld Laser Rangefinder | Long-Range Tactical Distance Meter

Handheld Thermal Binocular

Handheld Thermal Binocular | Multi-Sensor Infrared Telescope

Thermal-Monoculars

Handheld Thermal Monocular | Infrared Night Vision Device

Biomedical Filters

Biomedical Optical Filters for Analyzers & Microplate Readers

Broad Bandpass Filter

Broad Bandpass Filters | High Transmission Optical Filters

Double-band bandpass filter

Double-Band Bandpass Filters | Dual Wavelength Optics

Dual-narrow band astronomical filters

Dual-Narrow Band Astronomical Filters | Light Pollution

Filter sets for COVID-19

Fluorescence Filter Sets for PCR | Singapore Optics

Fluorescence Filters | Narrow Bandpass Optical Filters

Band pass filter photo

Interference Bandpass Filters | UV–NIR Optical Filters

Laser radar filters

Laser Radar Filters for LiDAR | 850–1550 nm Bandpass

Laser Ranging filter

Laser Ranging Filters | LiDAR & Distance Measurement Optics

Machine Vision filter

Machine Vision Bandpass Filters | High-Precision Imaging

Multiple-Channel filter

Multi-Channel Optical Filters | Dual & Triple Band Filters

Narrow Bandpass Filter

Narrow Bandpass Filters | High OD Precision Optical Filters

Circular variable neutral density filter

Circular Variable ND Filters | Adjustable Optical Attenuators

Linear variable neutral density filter is used to attenuate light as the filter is shifted. The filter can be used for white light as well as for lasers. A large finite aperture can be attenuated by translating two filters in opposite derections..

Linear Variable ND Filters | Precision Light Attenuation

Long pass Filter

Long Pass Filters | High Transmission Optical Cut-On Filters

Long- wave Pass Filters

Long Pass Optical Filters | High Transmission LP Filters

Neutral Density (ND) Filter

Neutral Density (ND) Filters | Flat Spectral Attenuation

Neutral density filter sample

Neutral Density (ND) Filters | Reflective & Absorptive ND Filters

short pass filter

Short Pass Optical Filters | High-Transmission SP Filters

Biochemical analysis filters

Biochemical Analysis Filters | High-SNR Optical Filters

Energy matching biochemical filter

Energy Matching Biochemical Filters | High-Accuracy Optics

Flame Detector Filter Polarizing Beamsplitter Plate

Flame Detector Filters | IR Fire Detection Optics

Fluorescence microscope filter

Fluorescence Microscope Filters | High-Sensitivity Imaging

Fluorescent PCR filter

Fluorescent PCR Filters for RT-qPCR & dPCR | High SNR

Infrared temperature measurement filter

Infrared Temperature Measurement Filters | 780–1500 nm

Laser Marking window

Laser Marking Windows | High Transmission Optical Windows

Laser radar mirror

Laser Radar Mirrors for LiDAR | High-Reflectivity Optics

Laser radar window

Laser Radar Windows for LiDAR | High-Transmission Optics

Laser Welding and Cutting Filter

Laser Welding & Cutting Filters | High-Power Quartz Windows

Tri-stimulus chrominance filter

Tri-Stimulus Color Measurement Filters | XYZ Filters

Dichroic Filters

Dichroic Filters | High Reflectivity & Precise Wavelength Split

filters for remote monitoring by drones

Drone Optical Filters | UV to IR Filters for UAV Imaging

Filters for flow cytometry

Flow Cytometry Optical Filters | High SNR & Custom Designs

Optical Notch Filters | Laser Line Rejection Filters

Sensor and detector filter

Sensor & Detector Filters | IR Gas Detection Optics

solar-blind UV filters

Solar-Blind UV Filters | UV Shortpass Optical Filters

Time-resolved fluorescent filters Optical Filter

Time-Resolved Fluorescence Filters | FLIM & TRF Optics

Beam Combiner

Beam Combiners | Laser Wavelength Combining Optics

beamsplitter

Beamsplitter Plates | Precision Optical Plate Beamsplitters

cube beamsplitter

Cube Beamsplitters | Precision Optical Cube Beamsplitter

Prism Non-polarizing Beamsplitter

Non-Polarizing Beamsplitter Cubes | Low-PD NPBS Optics

cube beamsplitter

Polarizing Beam Splitter Cubes | High Extinction PBS Cubes

Flame Detector Filter Polarizing Beamsplitter Plate

Polarizing Beamsplitter Plates | High Extinction PBS

wave plate

Waveplates (Retarders) | Precision Polarization Control

Dielectric HR Mirror

Dielectric HR Mirrors | High Reflection Laser Mirrors

Hot Mirror

Hot Mirror Optical Filter for IR Reflection & Heat Control

laser output mirror

Laser Output Mirrors | CO₂ & Nd:YAG Output Couplers

laser scanning mirror

Laser Scanning Mirrors | High Power Galvo Mirrors

laser total reflector

Laser Total Reflectors | High Power Back & Folding Mirrors

Metallic Mirror

Metallic Optical Mirrors | Aluminum Silver Gold Mirrors

Optical cold Mirror samples 1

Optical Cold Mirror | Visible Reflection & IR Transmission

concave Mirror Samples

Optical Concave Mirrors | High Precision Focusing Mirrors

Convex Mirror

Optical Convex Mirrors | UV VIS IR Reflective Mirrors

Optical Mirror

Optical Mirrors Guide: Metallic, Dielectric & Coatings

Types of Cooled MWIR Lenses

Cooled Infrared Module | High-Sensitivity MWIR Imaging

Cooled Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR) lens

Cooled MWIR Lens | 3–5 µm Mid-Wave Infrared Optics

Differences Between Cooled and Uncooled MWIR Lenses

Uncooled Infrared Module | LWIR Thermal Imaging Module

Uncooled Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) Lens

Uncooled LWIR Lens | 8–14 µm Thermal Imaging Optics

808nm Laser Diode

405nm Laser Diode with PD | TO Package 20–35mW

808nm Laser Diode

808nm 5W Laser Diode | High Power CW TO-3 Package

Laser lens

Laser Cutting & Welding Lenses | High Power Laser Optics

Laser Filters

Laser Line Filters | High OD & Narrow Bandwidth

Laser Windows

Laser Protective Windows | High Power 1070nm & 10.6µm

APO Lens | Apochromatic Line Scan Lenses for Machine Vision

cylindrical lens

Cylindrical Lens | Precision Laser & Optical Cylindrical Lenses

f-theta lens

F-Theta Lens for Laser Marking, Welding & Cleaning

Fused Slica Axicon Lens combination 2

Fused Silica Axicon Lens for Beam Shaping

laser beam expander

Laser Beam Expander | High-Power Industrial Laser Optics

Motorised Filter Wheel

Motorized Filter Wheel | USB & RS-232 Optical Filter Wheel

Prism Non-polarizing Beamsplitter

Optical Prisms | Precision Prisms for Imaging & Optics

Plane-Concave Lens | BK7 & Fused Silica Optical Lenses

Optical lens

Precision Optical Lenses | Single & Achromatic Doublet Lenses

visible light dome

Visible Light Dome | Precision Optical Dome Window

Laser Crystal Neodymium doped Gadolinium Orthovanadate (Nd:GdVO4)

Nd:GdVO4 Laser Crystal | High-Efficiency DPSS Lasers

NdYAG laser crystal

Nd:YAG Laser Crystal | 1064nm High-Power Solid-State Lasers

NdYLF crystal

Nd:YLF Laser Crystal | Low Thermal Lensing DPSS Lasers

NdYVO4 laser crystal

Nd:YVO4 Laser Crystal | High-Gain DPSS Laser Material

TiSapphire crystal

Ti:Sapphire Laser Crystal | Ultrafast Tunable Laser Material

BBO-β-BaB204-Crystal

BBO Crystals for UV SHG, OPO & High-Power Lasers

Nonlinear Crystals KDP CLBO Crystals

KDP & DKDP Nonlinear Crystals for SHG & EO Modulators

KTA crystal

KTA Crystals for OPO & Mid-Infrared Laser Applications

KTP crystal

KTP Crystals for SHG, Green Lasers & OPO Applications

LiB3O5- LBO Crystal

LBO Lithium Triborate Crystals for SHG, THG & OPO

LiNbO3 crystal

Lithium Niobate LiNbO₃ Crystals for EO & NLO Applications

Optical Crystal Lithium Fluoride (LiF)

Lithium Fluoride (LiF) Optical Crystal | UV to IR Windows

Optical Crystal Magnesium Fluoride MgF2

Magnesium Fluoride (MgF₂) Optical Windows | VUV to IR

calcium fluoride CaF2

Calcium Fluoride (CaF₂) Optical Windows & Crystals

Optical crystal Barium Fluoride (BaF2)

Barium Fluoride (BaF₂) Optical & Scintillation Crystal

Scintillation Crystal Bismuth Germanate, Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO)

BGO Scintillation Crystal | Bismuth Germanate Detector

Ce:LaCl3

Ce:LaCl₃ Scintillation Crystal | Fast Gamma Detector

Cerium Fluoride CeF3

CeF₃ Scintillation Crystal | Fast Radiation Detector

Ce:LaBr3

Ce:LaBr₃ Scintillation Crystal | Ultra-Fast Gamma Detector

PbWO4

Lead Tungstate (PbWO₄) Scintillation Crystal

Tl:CsI

Tl:CsI Scintillation Crystal | Cesium Iodide Detector

NaI:Tl

NaI:Tl Scintillation Crystal | Sodium Iodide Detector

Scintillation Crystals Eu doped Calcium Fluoride Eu:CaF2

Eu:CaF₂ Scintillation Crystal | Europium Doped CaF₂

Optical crystal Barium Fluoride (BaF2)

Barium Fluoride (BaF₂) Optical & Scintillation Crystal

DLC coating image

DLC Coating Explained: Properties & Applications

LENS COATED WITH dlc

DLC Coatings for Infrared & Optical Lenses

ITO coated glass

ITO Coated Window: Transparent Conductive Glass

ITO glass

ITO Coated Windows | Transparent Conductive Shielding

Anti-reflection coating

Optical Anti-Reflection Coatings in System Design

Optical plastic coating

Optical Plastic Coatings for Acrylic & Polycarbonate

data screenshot

Asphere Surface Tolerancing: RMS and Spatial Frequency

Brightness Enhancement 6

BEF and DBEF Films: Modeling and Simulation Guide

Light Source intensity Distribution

Complex Light Source Modeling in Illumination Design

Optical illumination system example

Create Optical Illumination Animations for Free

LED flood light

Design and Optimization of LED Flood Lights

backlighting LCD display 4

Designing an Edge-Lit LCD Backlighting System

Nonimaging optics design

Fundamentals of Nonimaging Optics Design

illumination system example 2

Illumination System Performance Goals Explained

illumination systems

Introduction to Illumination System Design

Fiber optics end cap

Laser–Fiber Coupling Simulation with POP

Diffuser 9

Light Shaping Diffusers: Theory and Simulation

Lumileds LED

Modeling LEDs with Ray Files in Optical Design

Non-Sequential

Non-Sequential Optical Design and Its Advantages

Freeform

Non-Sequential Tolerancing in Optical Systems

BR PAR MR Comparison Illustration Diagram Image

PAR vs BR vs MR Light Bulbs Explained

Lens Lens array 3

Parametric Design of a 7-Cell LED Lens Array

Source Model 5

RSMX Source Modeling and Validation Guide

the optical algorithm double gauss

Sequential to Non-Sequential Lens Conversion

sequential tolerance 8

Sequential Tolerance Analysis for Laser Optics

Light Absorption

Simulating Light Absorption in Optical Systems

Ray Tracing-lcd

Speed Up Illumination Ray Tracing with BEF

Stray Light Analysis

Stray Light Analysis in Optical Imaging Systems

Make Thermal tool to simulate thermal effects and how to athermalize an optical design.

Thermal Modeling & Athermalization in OpticStudio

A diagram of a ray of light

Fast Semi-Diameters vs Clear Semi-Diameter Explained

A diagram of a ray of light

Apodization in OpticStudio: Gaussian vs Uniform PSF

Parabolic Mirror Design

How to Design an Off-Axis Parabolic Mirror

Blue shift due to CHA

Cone Half Angle vs AOI in Fluorescence Imaging

telescope

Protect Telescope Designs Using OpticStudio Black Box

Shapeoptics telephoto lens

Telephoto Lens Design Principles and Practical Tips

UV microscope Objective

Microscope Objective Lens Design Principles and Tips

Uniformity MTF

How to Set Up an MTF Optical Test Lab

Optical image analysis-Compare

Predict Optical Performance Using Image Simulation

image contrast specs

Optimizing Image Contrast Using MTF at Target Frequency

ghost image analysis

How to Identify Ghost Images Using Stray Light Analysis

telescope design image

Designing Beam Expanders with Intermediate Image Optimization

Waveplate

Waveplate Design: Zero-Order Retarders Explained

Ophthalmic Lens

Principles of Ophthalmic Lens Design Explained

eye model

Human Eye Models for Optical Design Explained

Merit Function

Optical Optimization Basics: Variables and Merit Function

Lens Design 1

Beginner Guide to Optical Lens Design in Zemax

Telecentric lens

Image-Space Telecentric Lens Design in OpticStudio

asphere tool

How to Identify the Best Aspheric Surfaces

Freeform Optics 10

Freeform Surface Types in OpticStudio (Sequential Mode)

Vignetting factors,

Vignetting and Vignetting Factors in OpticStudio

Resolution of Imaging optics Systems

Imaging System Resolution: Definition and Measurement

A graph of a cone shaped

Flash LiDAR vs Scanning LiDAR Illumination Explained

A diagram of a car driving

How to Select LiDAR Sensor Technologies for ADAS

LiDAR Detection Modes: Direct and Coherent Explained

A diagram of a human eye

LiDAR Eye Safety: Wavelengths, MPE, and Risk Control

maximal allowed power vs wavlength graph

LiDAR Laser Safety Classes and Eye Safety Explained

Diagram of Lidar

LiDAR Major Components: Laser, Receiver, and Apertures

types of wavelengths

LiDAR vs Radar and EO Sensors: Spectrum and Advantages

Monostatic vs Bistatic LiDAR System Architectures

Range-Doppler LiDAR Imaging Beyond Diffraction Limits

LiDAR isolation

Transmit Receive Isolation Techniques in LiDAR Systems

A diagram of a detector

Types of LiDAR Technology and Their Applications Explained

Optical Surface error

PV vs RMS vs Slope Error in Optical Surfaces

Diamond_Turning_Capabilities-OPTO Mechanical

Diamond Turning for Optical Surfaces: Process and Applications

optical dome

Optical Dome Design: Materials, Geometry & Applications

glass thermal expansion

Modeling Glass Thermal Expansion in Optical Mounts

Bio-fluorescence scattering setup

How to Model Bio-Fluorescence in Optical Design

opto mechanical system

Analyzing Stray Light in Opto-Mechanical Imaging Systems

Biophotonic Reaction example 1

3D Biophotonic Modeling of PCR Dye Absorption

LCD Optical Characteristics

Key LCD Optical Characteristics for Display System Design

Astronomical Telescope

Stray Light Analysis in Astronomical Telescopes

illumination system design cycle

Illumination System Design Cycle: From Concept to Manufacture

Optical System 04

Optical System Aberrations: Spot Diagram, OPD Fan, Ray Fan

Polygon Optical Prism 5

Create Polygon Optical Prism Objects in OpticStudio

illumination system

How to Export Optical and Ray Data for Optomechanical Systems

Optical Elements Drawing

ISO Optical Element Drawing Tool for Singlet Lenses in OpticStudio

Optical Glass

Model Glass in OpticStudio: Usage, Theory & Limitations

solid state laser Types of lasers

Types of Lasers and Their Applications Explained

Analyzing Gaussian Beam Characteristics with POP in Optic

coherent imaging system 10

Analyzing Partially Coherent Imaging Systems in Optics

wavefront phase

Analyzing Wavefront in Fiber Coupling Systems for Laser Optics

Gaussian-02

Beam Shaping Optics: Transform Gaussian to Top Hat Beam

Here describes Optical System Conventions and Definitions and defines terminology, which are common in the optics industry, however there may be some important differences.

Comprehensive Guide to Optical System Conventions & Definitions

Laser Beam Size -Gaussian Beam

Compute Gaussian Beam Characteristics with Paraxial Tool

He Ne Laser source

Designing a He-Ne Laser Focusing System in OpticStudio

Rochon Polarizer

Designing a Rochon Polarizer

double pass design aplanatic optics

Designing Double-Pass Aplanatic Laser Systems in OpticStudio

RMS spot radius vs field graph

Gaussian Quadrature Wavelength Sampling in Optics

laser materials processing

How Laser Beam is Transmitted

Wollaston prism

How to Design Wollaston Prism

wavefront Analysis

How to Interpret Sampling Used In Wavefront-based Analysis

Birefringent Effects

How To Simulate Birefringent Effects

Key Parameters in Laser Optics Propagation

Laser diode collimation Example

Laser Diode Collimation Simulation in OpticStudio

Fresnel imaging 12

Modeling Fresnel Zone Plates for Optical Systems

design physical optics

Modeling Wavefronts with Physical Optics Propagation (POP)

polarized light

Polarization Jones Matrix and How to Model Polarized Light

Young's double-slit interference

Simulating Interference Effects by Ray Tracing

optical wave intensity distribution 2

Simulating Poisson Spot in Optical Wave Simulations

Non-linear optics system 2

Testing Nonlinear Optics Double-Pass System Setup

Understanding Anamorphic Prism Pairs for Beam Shaping

laser beam with poor beam quality

Understanding Laser Beam Quality and Evaluation