Germanium itself is not considered highly toxic, especially in its elemental form, which is commonly used in industrial, optical, and electronic applications. Elemental germanium has low toxicity and does not pose significant health risks when handled properly in controlled environments.
However, toxicity concerns arise with certain germanium compounds, particularly germanium dioxide (GeO₂) and some organic germanium compounds. These compounds have occasionally been marketed as dietary or health supplements, despite a lack of proven medical benefit. When ingested in high doses or over prolonged periods, such compounds have been linked to serious health effects, including:
- Kidney damage
- Liver damage
- Nervous system effects
- In severe cases, fatalities
These adverse effects occur because the human body has difficulty metabolizing and excreting certain germanium compounds, allowing them to accumulate and cause toxicity.
Safety Considerations
- Elemental germanium used in optics and electronics is generally safe
- Germanium compounds should be handled with care
- Ingestion of germanium supplements is not recommended
- Industrial use should follow established safety and handling guidelines
In summary, germanium is safe for industrial and optical use, but certain chemical forms can be hazardous if misused, particularly outside controlled environments.