This article will share what is cone half angle (CHA) or Angle of incidence ( AOI) and why they are important in bio fluorescent imaging system.

How to share the telescope design data without sharing the intellectual property of the original designer, How to protect our works using a design black box

A telephoto lens has a long reach, allowing you to photograph a subject that is far away or magnifying the subject in your frame. How to design it, what’s the tips? We share it here.

Microscope objective are essentially diffraction-limited optical devices. How to design it, and what’s the design tips? Here we will share it.

MTF data could reflect the optical system performance, and a proper optical testing lab setup is essential for obtaining reliable, repeatable MTF result.

How to predict the optical performance considering include diffraction, aberrations, distortion, etc, this article will share a bit of this tips.

The optical image contrast performance is often specified by MTF at a given spatial frequency. How to optimize it, this article will share

The most important purpose for the stray light analysis is to find the “source” caused the ghost Image and try to resolve it. This article will share how.

In many optics,  it is expected there is focusing point or intermediate image, or filter, in between the components, such as an Keplerian telescope, but how to design and optimize it

Waveplates, also known as retarders, modify its polarization state without attenuating, deviating, or displacing the beam, here share how to construct it.